Mafilimu a Cellophane

Wopanga Mafilimu Wabwino Kwambiri wa Cellophane, fakitale ku China

Filimu ya cellophane yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri --TDS

Onse gauge ndi zokolola zimawongoleredwa kukhala bwino kuposa ± 5% yazomwe zili mwadzina.Mbiri ya makulidwe a crossfilm kapena kusiyanasiyana sikudutsa ± 3% ya geji wamba.

Mafilimu a Cellophane

Cellophane ndi filimu yopyapyala, yowonekera komanso yonyezimira yopangidwa ndi cellulose yosinthidwanso.Amapangidwa kuchokera ku shredded matabwa zamkati, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi caustic soda.Otchedwa viscose kenako extruded mu kusamba kuchepetsedwa sulfuric acid ndi sodium sulphate regenerate mapadi.Kenako amatsukidwa, kutsukidwa, kuyeretsedwa ndi pulasitiki ndi glycerin kuti filimuyo isawonongeke.Nthawi zambiri zokutira monga PVDC zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumbali zonse za filimuyo kuti apereke chinyezi chabwino ndi chotchinga mpweya komanso kuti filimuyo ikhale yotentha.

Cellophane yokutidwa ndi mpweya wochepa, kukana mafuta, mafuta ndi madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kunyamula chakudya.Imaperekanso chotchinga cha chinyezi chochepa ndipo imasindikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe ochiritsira komanso njira zosindikizira za offset.

Cellophane imatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndipo imatha kuwonongeka m'malo opangira manyowa amnyumba, ndipo imawonongeka pakangopita milungu ingapo.

filimu ya cellophane 2

filimu ya cellophane yowonekera

Cellophane ndiye wamkulu kwambirimandala ma CD mankhwala, cellophane imagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka? Monga makeke, maswiti, ndi mtedza.Poyamba kugulitsidwa ku United States mu 1924, cellophane inali filimu yaikulu yonyamula katundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka zaka za m'ma 1960.Pamsika wokonda zachilengedwe masiku ano, cellophane ikubwereranso kutchuka.Mongacellophane ndi 100% biodegradable, imawonedwa ngati njira yabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi kusiyana ndi zokulunga zomwe zilipo kale.Cellophane ilinso ndi kuchuluka kwa nthunzi wamadzi wamadzi komanso makina abwino kwambiri komanso kutsekedwa kwa kutentha, zomwe zikuwonjezera kutchuka kwake pamsika wokulunga chakudya.

Kodi cellophane amapangidwa bwanji & cellophane amapangidwa ndi chiyani? Monga opanga cellophane & membrane, ndili ndi udindo waukulu kukudziwitsani. Mosiyana ndi ma polima opangidwa ndi anthu mu mapulasitiki, omwe amachokera ku petroleum, cellophane ndi polima wachilengedwe wopangidwa kuchokera ku cellulose, chigawo cha zomera ndi mitengo.Cellophane samapangidwa kuchokera kumitengo yamvula, koma kuchokera kumitengo yolimidwa ndikukololedwa makamaka kupanga cellophane.

Cellophane amapangidwa ndi kugaya matabwa ndi thonje zamkati motsatizana ndi madzi osambira omwe amachotsa zonyansa ndikuphwanya maunyolo aatali a ulusi muzinthu izi.Wopangidwanso ngati filimu yowoneka bwino, yonyezimira, yokhala ndi mankhwala opangira pulasitiki omwe amawonjezeredwa kuti azitha kusinthasintha, cellophane akadali ndi mamolekyu a crystalline cellulose.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kuphwanyidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono m'nthaka monga momwe masamba ndi zomera zimakhalira.Cellulose ndi m'gulu lazinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti organic chemistry monga chakudya.Gawo loyambira la cellulose ndi molekyulu ya glucose.Zikwizikwi za mamolekyu a glucosewa amasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi pakukula kwa mbewu kuti apange unyolo wautali, wotchedwa cellulose.Maunyolo awa amasweka popanga kupanga filimu ya cellulose yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati yosakutidwa kapena yokutidwa m'matumba.

Akaikidwa m'manda, filimu ya cellulose yosatsekedwa nthawi zambiri imapezeka kuti imawonongeka mkati10 mpaka 30 masiku;Kanema wokutidwa ndi PVDC apezeka kuti akuwonongekaMasiku 90 mpaka 120ndipo ma cellulose atakutidwa ndi nitrocellulose amapezeka kuti amawonongekaMasiku 60 mpaka 90.

Mayesero awonetsa kuti pafupifupi nthawi yonse yakuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa filimu ya cellulose ikuchokeraMasiku 28 mpaka 60kwa zinthu zosavala, ndi kuchokeraMasiku 80 mpaka 120kwa zinthu zokutira cellulose.M'madzi a m'nyanja, kuchuluka kwa biodegradation ndi10 masikukwa filimu yosaphimbidwa ndi30 masikukwa filimu ya cellulose yokutidwa.Ngakhale zinthu zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizowonongeka kwambiri, monga mapepala ndi masamba obiriwira, zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ziwonongeke kusiyana ndi mafilimu a cellulose.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mapulasitiki, polyvinyl chloride, polyethene, polyethlene terepthatlate, ndi oriented-polypropylene amasonyeza kuti palibe chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka pambuyo pa kuikidwa kwa nthawi yaitali.

Kufotokozera Zazinthu

Gwiritsani ntchito ABC (nkhalango yobwezeretsedwa) kupanga zamkati zamatabwa, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso filimu ngatipepala, mitengo yachilengedwe monga zopangira, zopanda poizoni, kukoma kwa pepala loyaka;

 

Wotsimikizika wa ISO14855 / ABC biodegradation ndi pepala lowonekera pazakudya

 

Kanema wopangidwanso wa cellulose, wokutidwa mbali zonse ziwiri.Izi ndi zotsekedwa ndi kutentha.

Zodziwika bwino za magwiridwe antchito

Kanthu

Chigawo

Yesani

Njira yoyesera

Zakuthupi

-

CAF

-

Makulidwe

micron

19.3

22.1

24.2

26.2

31

34.5

41.4

Makulidwe mita

g/kulemera

g/m2

28

31.9

35

38

45

50

59.9

-

Kutumiza

units

102

Chithunzi cha ASTMD2457

Kutentha kusindikiza kutentha

120-130

-

Kutentha kusindikiza mphamvu

g(f/ 37mm

300

1200.07mpa/1s

Kuvuta Kwambiri Pamwamba

dyne

36-40

Corona pen

Phunzirani mpweya wamadzi

g/m2.24h

35

Chithunzi cha ASME96

Mpweya wa okosijeni

cc/m2.24h

5

ASTMF1927

Pereka Max Width

mm

1000

-

Kutalika kwa Roll

m

4000

-

Ubwino

Mwachilengedwe biodegradable ndipo akhoza kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi chakudya

Itha kulowa m'malo mwa filimu yakunja ya pulasitiki ya ABC yomwe sikufikirika pakali pano, kapena kuyika papepala la ABC kuti ichiritsidwe bwino.

 

Natural anti-static

Itha kukhala yokoka, yonyezimira, yokutidwa popanda chithandizo cha corona

filimu ya cellophane5
1. Kuwonekera kwakukulu ndi gloss

Kuwala kokongola, kumveka bwino komanso gloss

Amapereka phukusi lolimba lomwe limakulitsa moyo wa alumali wazinthu zanu ndikuziteteza ku fumbi, mafuta ndi chinyezi.

Zolimba, zowoneka bwino, ngakhale kufinya mbali zonse.

2. Zida zapamwamba kwambiri

Amapereka kusindikiza kosasinthasintha ndi kuchepa pa kutentha kwakukulu.

Imagwira ntchito modalirika ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yocheperako.

3. Kusindikiza Kwapamwamba Kwambiri

Imagwirizana ndi makina onse osindikizira kuphatikiza pamanja, ma semi-automated ndi automated.

Zimatulutsa zotsukira, zomatira zolimba zomwe zimachotsa kuphulika.

Mawonekedwe

Makhalidwe Abwino Akufa-Fold

Kutentha Kutsekedwa Kumbali Zonse

Chotchinga cha Nthunzi wa Madzi, Magesi ndi Mafuta a Aromani

Anti-static

Kuwala Kwambiri ndi Kuwonekera

Kulimbana ndi Mafuta ndi Mafuta

Kulandila kwa Inks, Zomatira ndi Tear Tear

Filimu ya Biodegradable Base

Zosavuta kugawa

Palibe vuto kuwotcha / zinthu zowonongeka

Zomveka bwino / Ayi tenga ndalama

Zowoneka bwino komanso zosindikizidwa bwino (N'zofala kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito filimu ya cellophane poyika chakudya ndi mphatso.

Kusamalitsa

Zinthuzo zimakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi chilengedwe ndipo zimakhala zonyowa.Zina zonse ziyenera kukulungidwa ndi zojambulazo za aluminiyamu.

sachedwa kusweka, kulabadira liwiro ndi mavuto kulamulira ndondomeko.

Cellophane iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ake otsekera kutali ndi gwero lililonse la kutentha kwanuko kapena kuwala kwadzuwa pa kutentha.pakati pa 60-75°F ndi pa chinyezi cha 35-55%.Cellophane ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa miyezi 6 kuyambira tsiku lobadwa, ndi masheya

Zina katundu

Chogulitsacho chiyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zaukhondo, zowuma, zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, kutentha ndi chinyezi, osati kuchepera 1m kuchokera kugwero la kutentha, ndipo zisawunjikidwe posungira kwambiri.

Zida zotsalazo ziyenera kusindikizidwa ndi zokutira pulasitiki + zojambulazo za aluminiyamu kuti zisalowemo monyowa.

Pakulongedza Zofunika

Chogulitsacho chiyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zaukhondo, zowuma, zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, kutentha ndi chinyezi chachibale, osachepera 1m kuchokera kugwero la kutentha, ndipo zisamangidwe mosungiramo zinthu zambiri. zojambulazo kuti muteteze kuyamwa kwa chinyezi.

Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndizomwe zimapezedwa kuchokera kumayendedwe angapo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zodziwika komanso zodalirika.Komabe, kuti muwonetsetse kusankha kolondola kwazinthu zamakampani, chonde mvetsetsani mwatsatanetsatane ndikuyesa cholinga ndi zikhalidwe zogwiritsiridwa ntchito pasadakhale.

Mapulogalamu

Kupanga kwa Cellophane kunali kokulirapo m'ma 1960 koma kunatsika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo masiku ano, mafilimu opangidwa ndi pulasitiki alowa m'malo mwa filimuyi.Imagwiritsidwabe ntchito poyika chakudya, makamaka ngati kuuma kwakukulu kumaloledwa kulola matumba kuyimirira.Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazakudya zopanda chakudya komwe kumayenera kung'ambika.

Magiredi osiyanasiyana akupezeka pamsika kuphatikiza osakutidwa, VC/VA copolymer TACHIMATA (semi-permeable), nitrocellulose yokutidwa (semi-permeable) ndi PVDC yokutidwa cellophane filimu (chotchinga chabwino, koma chosawonongeka kwathunthu).

Mafilimu a cellulose amapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa ongowonjezedwanso omwe amakololedwa m'minda yoyendetsedwa.Mafilimu a Cellophane amapereka mawonekedwe apadera omwe mafilimu apulasitiki sangathe kufanana nawo ndipo amatha kuperekedwa mumitundu yambiri yowala.

- Confectionery, makamaka zopindika

- Kusintha kwa board

- Tchizi Wofewa

- Kumanga kwa tampon

- Gulu la Chakudya

- Nitrocelullose yokutidwa

- PVDC Yopangidwa

- Kupaka mankhwala

-Matepi omatira

- Mafilimu achikuda

- Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito zamafakitale, monga maziko a matepi odzimatira okha, nembanemba yocheperako pang'ono mumitundu ina ya mabatire komanso ngati chotulutsa popanga fiberglass ndi zinthu za rabara.

filimu ya cellophane3

Kanema wa Kupotoza

Cellophane itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyika ndi maswiti, nougat, chokoleti

Cellophane amasunga kupotoza ndipo zachilendo izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pazinthu zomwe zimayenera kupindika kapena uta.Pafupifupi maswiti onse, chokoleti ndi nougats ali ndi kukulunga ndi uta kapena uta wapawiri.Wogula amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumasula maswiti akukoka ndi zala ziwiri mauta, wakhala chizindikiro chomwe chiri chilankhulidwe ndi kulawa kwa kukoma kokoma komweko.Kupanga mtundu uwu wa kuzimata makina apadera a cellophaning amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe ali ndi liwiro lalitali kwambiri, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya filimu yomwe, yokhotakhota, imakhala yopindika (musabwerere ku mawonekedwe apachiyambi).Mafilimu atatu akupezeka kuti agwiritse ntchito izi: PVC, mtundu wina wa poliyesitala yoyenera kupotoza, ndi Cellophane, yomwe inali filimu yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Zida zonsezi zitatu, kuphatikiza zowonekera, zimaperekanso filimu yoyera komanso yachitsulo.Cellophane, kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakanema amitundu yambiri, okhala ndi mitundu yokongola kwambiri komanso yopatsa chidwi (yofiira, yabuluu, yachikasu, yobiriwira)

Kanema wa Packaging Flexible of Food

Kapenanso, cellophane imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina oyika okha (VFFS - Vertical Form Fill Seal Machine), yopingasa (HFFS - Horizontal Form Fill Seal Machine), komanso kukulunga mochulukira (Makina Okulungira Kwambiri).

Cellophane imapereka zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotchinga mpweya wamadzi, mpweya ndi fungo labwino (makamaka ndiye chinthu chabwino kwambiri chosungira fungo la tsabola), ndi kutentha kotsekeka mbali zonse (zosiyanasiyana 100-160 ° C).

Cellophane imapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, iliyonse ili ndi kuthekera kotsimikizika ndi magwiridwe antchito:

Osakutidwa

VC/VA Copolymer yokutidwa (Semi-permeable)

Palibe vuto kuwotcha / zinthu zowonongeka

PVdC yokutidwa (Chotchinga)

Cellophane imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu tepi yowoneka bwino, machubu ndi zina zambiri zofananira.

Kanema wathu wa Cellophane ndi wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chakuchita kwake m'misika yapadera kuphatikiza ma confectionery opindika, "opumira" azinthu zophikidwa, "yisiti yamoyo" ndi zinthu za tchizi ndi ma CD a Cello ovenable ndi ma microwaveable.

Kanema wa Cellophane amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazovuta zaukadaulo monga matepi omatira, zomangira zosagwira kutentha komanso zolekanitsa mabatire.

filimu ya cellophane4

Deta yaukadaulo

Monga wopanga filimu ya cellophane, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mukamagula filimu ya cellophane, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe muyenera kuziganizira monga kukula, makulidwe ndi mtundu.Pazifukwa izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mukambirane zomwe mukufuna komanso zomwe mukufuna ndi wopanga wodziwa zambiri, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mumalandira mtengo wabwino kwambiri.makulidwe Common ndi 20μ, ngati muli ndi zofunika zina, chonde tiuzeni, monga cellophane filimu wopanga, tikhoza mwambo malinga ndi lamulo lanu.

Dzina cellophane
Kuchulukana 1.4-1.55g/cm3
makulidwe wamba 20μ
Kufotokozera 710 一1020 mm
Chinyezi permeability Wonjezerani ndi chinyezi chowonjezeka
Mpweya wa okosijeni Sinthani ndi chinyezi
filimu ya cellophane 1

Mapangidwe a cellophane osindikizidwa opangidwa malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna

Kodi mukuyang'ana chokulunga cha cellophane chokhala ndi logo yanu?Titha kupereka izi ndi logo yanu.Kukulunga kwa cellophane ndikwabwino kukulunga mphatso kapena maluwa.

Ubwino wa 5 wa filimu ya cellophane yosindikizidwa

Titha kukutumizirani chokulunga cha cellophane mkati mwa masabata 5-6;

Pogwiritsa ntchito chokulunga cha cellophane chosindikizidwa, mutha kuwonetsa chizindikiro chanu pachovala;

Titha kukutumizirani chokulunga cha cellophane chosasindikizidwa mkati mwa 1 mpaka 2 masiku ogwira ntchito;

Kanema wosindikizidwa wa cellophane ndi wolimba ndipo amateteza maluwa kapena mphatso yanu;

Mafilimu a cellophane osindikizidwa amatha kusindikizidwa mumtundu uliwonse ndikuperekedwa mumtundu uliwonse.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi cellophane imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji?

 

cellophane, filimu yopyapyala ya cellulose yopangidwanso, nthawi zambiri imawonekera, yogwiritsidwa ntchito makamakamonga katundu woyikapo.Kwa zaka zambiri nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse itatha, filimu ya cellophane inali filimu yokhayo yosinthasintha, yoonekera poyera kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m’zinthu wamba monga zokutira chakudya ndi zomatira.

Kodi mungapange bwanji filimu ya cellophane?

Cellophane imapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zovuta kwambiri.Ma cellulose ochokera kumitengo kapena zinthu zina amasungunuka mu alkali ndi carbon disulfide kuti apange njira ya viscose.Viscose imatulutsidwa kudzera mumng'oma wosambira wa sulfuric acid ndi sodium sulphate kuti asinthe viscose kukhala mapadi.

Kodi filimu ya cellophane ndi cling ndi chinthu chomwecho?

Kukulunga kwa pulasitiki-monga chivundikiro chokhacho chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira zotsalira-ndi chomata ndipo chimamveka ngati filimu.Cellophane, kumbali ina, ndi yokhuthala komanso yolimba kwambiri ndipo ilibe luso lomamatira.

Kodi cellophane ndi thermoplastic?

Cellophane wakhalapo kwa zaka zoposa 100 koma masiku ano, mankhwala omwe anthu ambiri amawatcha kuti Cellophane kwenikweni ndi polypropylene.Polypropylene ndi polymer ya thermoplastic, yomwe idapezeka mwangozi mu 1951, ndipo idakhala pulasitiki yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi yopangidwa ndi anthu ambiri.

Kodi cellophane ndiyabwino kuposa pulasitiki?

Cellophane ili ndi zinthu zina zofanana ndi pulasitiki, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yokongola kwambiri kwa omwe akufuna kukhala opanda pulasitiki.Pankhani ya kutayacellophane ndithudi ndi yabwino kuposa pulasitiki, komabe sizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zonse.Cellophane sangathe kubwezeretsedwanso, ndipo si 100% yopanda madzi.

Cellophane amapangidwa ndi chiyani?

Cellophane ndi pepala lopyapyala lopangidwa ndi cellulose yopangidwanso.Kuchepa kwake kwa mpweya, mafuta, mafuta, mabakiteriya, ndi madzi amadzimadzi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza pakuyika chakudya.

Kodi cellophane membrane ndi chiyani?

Ma cell a cellophaneadapanganso nembanemba zowonekera za cellulose zokhala ndi hydrophilicity yayikulu, makina abwino amakina, komanso kuwonongeka kwa biodegradability, biocompatibility, ndi zilembo zotchinga mpweya.Kuwala kwa crystallinity ndi porosity ya nembanemba zakhala zikuyang'aniridwa kupyolera mu kusinthika kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi.

Kodi cellophane imatenga kuwala?

Ngati muyang'ana kupyolera mu galasi lobiriwira, chirichonse chikuwoneka chobiriwira.Green cellophane imangolola kuwala kobiriwira kudutsamo.Cellophane imatenga mitundu ina ya kuwala.Mwachitsanzo, kuwala kobiriwira sikudutsa mu cellophane yofiira.

Kodi cellophane ndi yofanana ndi filimu yodyera?

Kukulunga kwa pulasitiki-monga chivundikiro chokhacho chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira zotsalira-ndi chomata ndipo chimamveka ngati filimu.Cellophane, kumbali ina, ndi yokhuthala komanso yolimba kwambiri ndipo ilibe luso lomamatira.

Ngakhale onsewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyika chakudya, mitundu ya cellophane yazakudya ndi zokutira pulasitiki zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizosiyana.

Mwinamwake mwawonapo cellophane atakulungidwa ndi maswiti, zophika, komanso mabokosi otsekera a tiyi.Kupakako kumakhala ndi chinyezi chochepa komanso kutulutsa mpweya wa okosijeni kumapangitsa kukhala koyenera kusunga zinthu zatsopano.Ndikosavuta kung'amba ndikuchotsa kuposa kukulunga pulasitiki.

Ponena za kukulunga kwa pulasitiki, chitha kupereka chakudya cholimba kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake, ndipo chifukwa ndi chosavuta, chimatha kukwanira zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Mosiyana ndi cellophane, ndizovuta kwambiri kung'amba ndikuchotsa pazinthu.

Ndiye, pali zomwe iwo amapangidwa kuchokera.Cellophane imachokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga nkhuni ndipo imatha kuwonongeka ndipo imatha kupangidwa ndi kompositi.Kukulunga kwa pulasitiki kumapangidwa kuchokera ku PVC, ndipo sikuwonongeka, koma kumatha kubwezeretsedwanso.

Tsopano, ngati mungafunike china chosungiramo zotsala zanu, mudzadziwa kufunsa pulasitiki, osati cellophane.

Cellophane filimu zotsatira?

Kanema wa cellophane ndi wowonekera, wopanda poizoni komanso wopanda kukoma, wosagwirizana ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso wowonekera.Chifukwa mpweya, mafuta, mabakiteriya, ndi madzi sizilowetsedwa mosavuta kudzera mufilimu ya cellophane, angagwiritsidwe ntchito poika chakudya.

Ndi filimu ya cellophane

Monga maina kusiyana pakati pa cellophane ndi clingfilmis kuti cellophane ndi iliyonse ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowonekera pulasitiki mafilimu, makamaka opangidwa ndi mapadi kukonzedwa mapadi pamene clingfilm ndi woonda pulasitiki filimu ntchito monga Manga kwa chakudya etc.;Saran Wrap.

Monga mneni cellophaneis kukulunga kapena phukusi mu cellophane.

Kodi mungagule kuti filimu yachitsulo ya cellophane?

Takulandilani kuti musiye zomwe mukufuna patsamba/imelo, timakuyankhani mkati mwa maola 24.

YITO Packaging ndiye omwe amatsogolera filimu ya cellophane.Timapereka njira yathunthu yamakanema a cellophane yamabizinesi okhazikika.